煙草在線據巴西新聞報道編譯　　全球商品鏈已經成為應對全球化的組織，并成為生產和創新過程組織的主要領域。巴西的里約帕爾多山谷煙草集群，受到控制了全球煙草鏈的跨國公司的怎樣影響？

　　發展研究協會的研究表明，本土企業在全球煙草鏈的參與僅限于作為原料供應商和服務商。發展階段的大部分創新是通過知識系統開發的，其中，生產商和其他的當地公司起到的作用很小。

　　在國外市場，同越來越多的生產者競爭的需要，迫使發展中國家的當地生產商融入全球商品鏈中。分析在全球商品鏈背后的最基本的理念是這些商品鏈，可能為當地生產商提供通過對外部買家的學習和新知識的獲得過程，走上一條漸進式升級道路的可能性。

　　對里約帕爾多山谷煙草鏈的分析披露了在煙草種植、加工和零售活動中，參與者和機構的自然聯系的多樣性。

　　煙草集群中種植者和加工公司的聯系，不僅在農業生產階段的動態創新中發揮基礎性作用，而且在產業集群構成了核心制度設計。

　　主要發現包括：

　　·在產業集群中，當地商業協會在支持生產系統的控制中發揮著重要作用,但是在學習過程和在形成創新策略方面發揮的作用非常有限。

　　·當地公司在創新過程中發揮的作用有限。種植與加工活動中的關鍵創新，要么通過跨國公司，要么通過同機械供應商和其他外部知識來源之間形成的用戶和生產商的關系，引入產業集群中。

　　·加工廠的科技水平，與美國等國相比，仍有很大差距。

　　·植物品種的開發和煙草工業加工活動相關的創新路徑，都被跨國公司的分支機構所控制。

　　·在產業集群區域，公司和研究機構之間的相互影響很有限。

　　政策含義包括：

　　·進入價值鏈的新階段，不是當地生產商的一種真正可行的選擇。

　　·與煙草種植階段相關的升級戰略，可以看做是對產業集群的替代。

　　·以上研究結論是由里約熱內盧聯邦大學經濟研究所當地生產和創新系統小組所提出的。

Chains of success? The Rio Pardo Valley Tobacco Cluster in Brazil

　　Global commodity chains have emerged as an organisational response to globalisation and have become one of the main spheres for the organisation of productive and innovative processes. How is the tobacco cluster in the Rio Pardo valley in Brazil influenced by the multinational companies that control the global tobacco chain?

　　Research by the Institute of Development Studies suggests that participation by local enterprises in the global tobacco chain is limited to raw material suppliers and service providers. Most of the innovations adopted at the growing stage are developed through knowledge systems in which producers and other local actors play only a minor role.

　　The need to compete with a growing range of producers in foreign markets has forced local producers in developing countries to integrate into global commodity chains. The basic idea behind the global commodity chain analysis is that these chains might offer a possibility for local producers to embark on a path of progressive upgrading through learning processes and new knowledge acquired from external buyers.

　　An analysis of the tobacco chain in the Rio Pardo Valley reveals a high diversity in the nature of the linkages, actors and institutions involved in the phases of tobacco growing, processing and retailing activities. The linkages between growers and processing firms in the tobacco cluster not only play a fundamental role in the dynamics of innovation at the stage of agricultural production, but also shape the core institutional designs in the cluster.

　　Key findings include:

　　Local business associations in the cluster carry out an important role in supporting the control of the production system, but have a very limited role in engaging local actors in collective learning processes and in shaping innovation strategies.

　　Local actors play only a marginal role in innovation processes. Key innovations in growing and processing activities are instead either introduced into the cluster by multinational corporations or through user-producer relations established with machinery suppliers and other external knowledge sources.

　　At the technological level of processing plants, there is still a considerable difference with countries like the USA.

　　Both the innovative paths associated with the development of plant varieties and with tobacco industrial processing activities are controlled by the subsidiaries of multinational corporations.

　　There is a restricted level of interaction between firms and research institutions in the cluster region.

　　Policy implications include:

　　Moving into new stages of the value chain cannot really be considered a feasible option for local producers.

　　Upgrading strategies associated with the tobacco growing stage can be seen as an alternative for the cluster.